Spain

Plates long white, single blue strip left

Portugal: Yellow right strip → Portugal.

Italy: Two strips + short front plate → Italy.

Standard bollard: yellow-orange front reflector + two white dots on the back (back can be blank), hollow

Andorra: Catalan microstate in the Pyrenees → Andorra.

Ladder poles + wooden poles in rural areas; 'French' poletops (upside-down triangle, curved top bar); pylons far more common than in other Mediterranean countries

France: Blue pole plates → France; Spanish → Spain.

Road markers with colourful borders (code on top = road number, letters = region-specific!)

Andorra: CG/CS codes → Andorra.

Rural hunting signs: white 'coto … caza' or diagonal b&w - both unique to Spain (code readable = region, e.g. Ex = Extremadura)

A-type guardrails with yellow reflectors

Belgium: North-European look + Dutch/French → Belgium.

Andorra: Pyrenees microstate.

Gibraltar: UK infrastructure + the Rock → Gibraltar.

Pedestrian signs with 8 stripes - Europe-max (only Andorra matches); stop signs with a distinctly small font (Portugal: large font)

8-stripe crossings exist only in Spain and Andorra - everything else in Europe has fewer stripes.

Andorra: Andorra also has orange-dot plates + Catalan-only signs; Spain has Spanish/regional languages.

Red sign borders reach the edge (FR/IT/PT keep a thin white edge); nearly all signs on flat posts (Europe: only PT/FR/AD too)

Chevrons: black w/ white AND blue w/ white (only 2 or 4 arrows; France has 1-5); direction signs white w/ colourful road-number boxes, highways blue

France: 1/3/5 arrows → France; 2/4 → Spain.

Portugal: Yellow arrows → Portugal.

Italy: Italian language → Italy.

Greece: Greek alphabet → Greece.

Rural roads sometimes have dashed outer lines (≈ nonexistent in PT/IT)

Spanish: ñ unique; vs Portuguese: PT uses ç/lh/-ão/nh + da/do contractions; street = calle; garage signs 'Vado permanente' (+municipality after 'Ayuntamiento de'; Italy: 'Passo carrabile')

Portugal: ñ → Spanish; ç/lh/-ão → Portuguese.

Highly diverse: lush Atlantic north → bone-dry semideserts; plateaus, rolling hills, jagged ranges; default = dry Mediterranean

Gen3: long/short/no antenna (back black or white when visible); Gen4: blue or black car; smallcam; some old shitcam exists

Road-code map: regional letter codes on markers (SG = Segovia …); national = E/AP/A/R/N (A also Andalusia/Aragón!); Asturias = many local codes; Melilla = ML; area codes: 2 digits after the 9 ≈ province

Catalan (Catalonia/Valencia/Balearics - dominant in CAT+BAL): 'i' = and, grave accents à è ò, ç; street = carrer; 'Gual permanent'; Basque (K/Z, street = kalea/karrika, bilingual black-border sub-signs - Basque on top in Basque Country, Spanish on top in Navarre); Galician (≈Portuguese but with ñ, no ç; street = Rúa; towns starting A/O/As/Os = Galicia-unique)

Regional flags of the autonomous communities appear often - learnable; Catalan-independence Senyera flags in Catalan areas

Topography: Pyrenees NE + Baetic/Sierra Nevada SE highest; Meseta Central plateau ringed by Cantabrian/Iberian/Sierra Morena; north coast = green & lush (UK/Ireland-like); Pyrenees = light grey rock + pines + rock walls (like Andorra/French side; Llívia exclave!); Sierra Nevada = only southern range snowy most of the year

Region looks: Castilla y León = flat cereal + sunflowers; La Rioja = vineyards between two ranges; Ebro strip (Navarra→Aragón) = semi-desert w/ sandy soil + shrubs; central/south Aragón = arid flats (white rocky north, red Teruel); Castilla-La Mancha = dead-flat + half of Spain's wine + olive rows (Ciudad Real/Toledo); Extremadura = dehesa (open oak fields - don't mistake for olives); Murcia/S-Alicante = arid, sandy, hazy rugged mountains; Málaga coast = white hillside villages

Olives & oranges: olives in half the country - Córdoba/Jaén = endless rolling-hill plantations (big ones Gen2 only); S of Madrid = small flat fields + red soil; east coast = fenced/rock-walled + mountains in view; oranges → east coast (small valleys) + Guadalquivir basin (open & flat)

Trees: eucalyptus → north coast (Galicia most; dry eucalyptus → Huelva); corn → river basins + north coast; stone pines → Valladolid/Huelva flats; Aleppo pines → east coast + Balearics; Baltic pines → Pyrenees/Guadarrama/Iberian System; maritime pines Atlantic vs Mediterranean variants (flat plantations N of Segovia)

Roadline region map (solid vs dashed outer on small roads); Araba = long-dash middles; Gipuzkoa = long outer dashes; Catalonia = atypical mixes

Km-marker metas: rectangular vs square = half-country split; Andalusia = extra-tall w/ governing body; Madrid = square + regional flag; Biscay = big w/ semicircle top; national roads = red rectangle; border colours orange/green/yellow by road size (some regions unique)

Regional infra: Galicia 'Concello' municipality strips (green/blue); Asturias = red CTA bus stops (Madrid's EMT similar), COGERSA bins, yellow snow poles (unique); Aragón = flat stick bollards; Catalonia = round corrugated posts (also Basque/Balearics; France-like), Catalan hunting signs, big square 1-arrow chevrons; Lleida/Tarragona = square-orange-reflector bollard (also E-Canaries); Murcia = red-arrow square chevrons (exclusive) + rectangular mesh poles; Madrid = round-top red bus stops + green buses; Extremadura = green-top bollards (exclusive); Castilla-La Mancha = blue/white stone field markers; Andalusia = green-stripe Junta signs + blue-yellow snow poles (unique)

Architecture: slate roofs → NW (ends abruptly east; also Pyrenees near Andorra + NE of Madrid); Galicia = concrete-block houses + hórreos gallegos granaries; Asturias = square hórreos on 4 pillars (slate roof → west Asturias); Basque/Cantabria = big white houses w/ wooden frames; Catalonia/E-Aragón = stone masías; Andalusia/Extremadura = all-white towns

Car metas: Asturias = black car, no antenna, visible brake light (rare Galicia spill); Gen3 white-top antenna → E-Andalusia + Huesca/Lleida (like Gibraltar's)

Balearics: coastal Mediterranean, Aleppo-pine hills, fruit/olive patches, low rock walls everywhere (Bari/Italy similar); all-white houses w/ low-incline tiled roofs; grazing fields ≈ only Menorca; Formentera = low shrubs + Ibiza mountains visible; NW-Mallorca = the only big Balearic range

Canary Islands: extremely diverse (volcanic, arid, pine forests) - 'Spain but the vibe is off' → think Canaries; Lanzarote = moon-like dark volcanic soil + semicircle rock vineyards; Fuerteventura = arid + orange soil (archipelago-unique); Las Palmas province = square-orange-reflector bollards (Tenerife province: standard, highways only); La Graciosa = barren, overcast, white flat-roof towns

Ceuta & Melilla (N-African enclaves): flat-roof warm-coloured houses; Ceuta = sunny saturated Gen4, eucalyptus+pine mountains, b&w guardrails (Spain-unique); Melilla = hazy, cloudy, little rural coverage

Barcelona: black taxis w/ yellow doors; Bilbao: uniquely ornate street-sign frames (nowhere else in Spain)

Camino de Santiago: yellow scallop on blue on signs/waystones (all over Europe but denser near Santiago) + pilgrims in summer

Spotlights: N-Castilla-La-Mancha = early-spring dirt roads, green fields + leafless vineyards on red soil (Gen3; similar Gen4 further south); AP-15 (Navarra) = flat bollards w/ square red reflector + red guardrail reflectors; Ebro delta = dead-flat rice + canals, mountains S/W/N; El Ejido (Almería↔Motril) = white-roof greenhouse sea; Doñana NP = rare unique car